Kael derived the energy balance: Total exhaust energy = Energy to turbine + Energy bypassed + Waste heat + Entropy.
But his measured 135°C meant . The compressor efficiency (η_c) = (T₂_ideal – T₁)/(T₂_actual – T₁) = (78-25)/(135-25) = 53/110 ≈ 48%. The rest of the work became heat due to friction and turbulence. Chapter 4: The Density Battle Kael connected the compressor outlet to a small engine cylinder. More air pressure meant more oxygen molecules per volume—but the heat reduced density. Using the ideal gas law rearranged: ρ = P / (R_specific × T) turbo physics grade 12 pdf
Without turbo, ambient air density was 1.18 kg/m³. Density ratio = 1.56/1.18 = 1.32 → 32% more air molecules. Kael derived the energy balance: Total exhaust energy
Kael calculated: Using (η_t = (T₁ - T₂_actual)/(T₁ - T₂_ideal)), he found that 68% of the exhaust’s enthalpy (h = u + Pv) converted into shaft work. The rest became entropy—random molecular motion—which heated the turbine housing. The rest of the work became heat due